The Chinese-built large language model (LLM) DeepSeek-R1 was released in January 2025 and, while delivering impressive performance at a low cost, it was immediately met with a wave of opposition from governments concerned about data security and state-sponsored hacking (see The DeepSeek paradox: more efficiency, more infrastructure?). The key concern for governments and legislators relates to DeepSeek's lack of transparency in terms of how it was developed and how it might be used (see Table 1).
Table 1 Government and legislator concerns relating to DeepSeek transparency
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